Bay Leaf

Bay leaves were considered holy and associated with Apollo [Ἀπόλλων] in the classic Greek era (see poppy about preclassic Greece). Although the winners of the famous Olympic Games, held every four years beginning in 776 in Olympia in honour of Zeus [Ζεύς], were originally decorated with a wreath of olive twigs, the later use of laurel wreaths is more known today. The change from olive to laurel was due to the influence of the Pythian Games, which were conducted in honour of Apollo in Delphi (Southern Greece), starting 582. Within a decade after opening the Pythian Games to all Greeks, two more festivals arose which were, in contrast, held every second year (see celery). Much later, the Roman Emperors made use of the laurel wreath as a symbol of the god Apollo; furthermore, bay leaves were a popular spice in Roman cookery (see silphion for details). Today, bay leaves are a rather common flavouring in all Western countries; they are used for soups, stews, sauces, pickles (see dill for herbal vinegar) and sausages; several fish dishes profit greatly from bay leaves. In contrast to the majority of leave spices, bay leaves can be cooked for prolonged time without much loss of aroma. Fresh or dried bay leaves frequently show up in bouquet garni (see parsley). Laurus nobilis: Bay (sterile twig) Sterile twig of bay Fresh bay leaves are very strongly aromatic, but also quite bitter; by an appro­priate drying pro­cedure, bitterness is signi­ficantly reduced, and the flavour can even improve (cf. gale leaves, which resemble bay leaves in several aspects). After manual plucking and sorting, the leaves are quickly dried without exposure to sunlight. High-quality bay leaves are easily recognized not only by their strong aroma, but also by their bright green colour. A rule of thumb holds: The greener the colour, the better the quality. Bay leaves cannot, however, be stored as long as their tough texture might suggest, but should not be kept more than one year after plucking. Overaged leaves have lost their fragrance, show a brownish hue and taste mostly bitter. The laurel fruits are less known, although they appear as part of commercial spice mixtures. Because of their robust taste, they fit best to tasty sauces and gravies; I like them most for potatoes. They are very good for venison (together with juniper). Laurus azorica: Sterile Azoric Bay A close laurel relative from the Azores, L. azorica Because of the popu­larity of bay leaves in the West, many exotic leaf spices are commonly known as "bay leaves", though not botanically nor culinarily related. In Asia, the Indian bay leaf comes from a relative of cinnamon native to the Himalayas, and Indonesian bay leaves stem from a tree of the myrtle family. There are more "bay leaves" in the Western hemisphere: The highly aromatic "Californian bay leaves" (Umbellularia californica) native to the Western USA are rarely traded because of potential health hazard. Also the so-called "Mexican bay leaves" (Litsea glaucescens) have little commercial value. The case is different with the "West Indian bay leaves" which stem from a close relative of allspice (Pimenta racemosa, also known as bay rum) and yield the West-Indian bay oil. According to some sources, the leaves of the allspice tree are also named "West-Indian bay leaves" when used culinarily. Some more spices have similar culinary value than bay leaves, and adventurous cooks might want to try them. Boldo leaves, distantly related to laurel, have a strong flavour resembling regular bay leaves, but significantly stronger. Lastly, gale leaves are an old-fashioned European spice that can be used as an unusual alternative to bay leaves in many dishes, although it has no botanic relation to laurel.